Monday, January 27, 2020
Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report
Pressure Distribution around Circular Cylinder Lab Report The aims of the investigation is to measure the pressure distribution on the surface of a smooth cylinder placed with its axis perpendicular to the flow and to compare it with the distribution predicted for frictionless flow, and to calculate the drag coefficient of the cylinder. In the investigation being carried out, a cylinder in a closed circuit wind tunnel will be experimented upon to gather the pressure distribution acting on it at different speeds. When the cylinder is standing vertically to the incoming flow in a wind-tunnel, two experiments will be carried out for the same cylinder, one with smooth (laminar) flow and the other with turbulent flow. The experimental pressure distribution obtained from each experiment will be compared with the theoretical distribution predicted for frictionless flow. The drag coefficient for the cylinder will be calculated together with the tunnel calibration constant for both tests. The smooth cylinder has got 12 pressure tappings at angular intervals of 30 ° on its surface; it is also placed with its axis vertical on a turntable on the floor. These tappings are connected to multi-tube (methylated spirits) manometer, which is inclined at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal. The multi-tube manometer has got a total of 34 tubes, out of which the first 12 are directly connected to the pressure tappings on the cylinder, so that tube 1 is connected to pressure tapping 1 and so on. Pressure tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow when the angular position indicator is set at 0 °. Since pressure tapping 1 is connected to tube 1 in the multi-tube manometer, the head pressure shown on tube 1 will represent the stagnation pressure. Tube 34 in the multi-tube manometer is connected to the upstream part of the wind-tunnel. The Betz manometer is used to change the incoming flow velocity at the upstream section. Since both the Betz manometer and tube 34 (in the multi-tube m anometer) are connected to the upstream section, both will show the same equivalent reading for pressure but in different units. Background theory: Laminar flow is defined when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. In comparison to this Turbulent flow has a much more disorganized pattern, it is characterized by mixing of the fluid by eddies of varying size within the flow. The Reynolds number (Re), gives the measure for laminar and turbulent flows. Laminar flow takes place when Reynolds number is lower than 104, and for Turbulent flow the Re must be greater than 3ÃÆ'-105. Reynolds number has got no units since it is just a ratio. There are many diverse types of equations for deriving the Reynolds number of an actual shape. Fig. A shows the different types of flow patterns at various angles. The appropriate equation for the cylinders Reynolds number can be acquired from: Re = [eq. 1] Where: d = Diameter of cylinder V蠁 ¾ = Velocity of fluid upstream v = Kinematic viscosity of air (1.46ÃÆ'-10-5 m2s-1) From the equation both values of d and v stay constant for both experiments, therefore the change in Reynolds number depends directly on the upstream velocity of the wind-tunnel. From the Bernoullis equation the relationship between fluid pressure and velocity can be established [eq.2] Where: P = pressure of the fluid Z = Height à ¯Ã‚  ²air = air density à ¯Ã‚  ² = The density of the fluid G = Gravity V= the velocity of the fluid The height in remains constant therefore the flow in the wind tunnel has an equation. [eq.3] By dividing both sides with à ¯Ã‚  ² and taking measurements from the point where the flow of velocity stops, (the stagnation point where V2 = 0). This is for the reason that at the stagnation point on the surface of the tube that is perpendicular to the flow to it, therefore the dynamic pressure is given by: [eq. 4] The pressure is measured using the manometer, and then therefore the pressure at the tapping must be the same as the pressure head at à ¯Ã‚  ²gH. Then the stagnation head and static head measured on the multi-tube manometer Inclined at a specific angle are given by: [eq.5] [eq.6] So when using these two equations the pressure differences found using them become. [eq.7] The dynamic pressure upstream of the cylinder is gained from: [eq.8] In the equation above k = the tunnel calibration constant. The pressure change across the wind tunnel contraction is measured using two different instruments; the Betz manometer and the Multi-tube manometer (tube no. 34). In an ideal system where there are no losses in energy. In procedures with energy losses, the ratio value is below 1. The relation is known as the tunnel calibration constant (k). is the pressure variation across the contraction as displayed by the reading on the Betz micro-manometer. The tunnel calibration constant can be attained directly from: [eq.9] Differences between the pressure at angles from the front of the stagnation point and the free steam pressure Pà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ µ is gained from the following equation: [eq.10] hà ¯Ã‚ †is a reading on tube 1 when pressure tapping number 1 is at an angle from the front of the stagnation point. Therefore the pressure coefficient at an angle can be defined: [eq.11] To find the pressure coefficient based on frictionless flow by using: [eq.12] The equation above is applied when plotting a graph, of variation of cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦, by replacing values of angles into the equation above and then finding out the subsequent values for pressure coefficient (cÃŽÂ ¦). The consequent graph drawn from the derived equation will only correspond to a theoretical relationship, where the flow is believed to be frictionless. In the illustration below, the pressure in the wake region is less than pressure upstream; this causes drag, mainly due to flow separation behind the body. The streamline pattern and the pressure distribution are not balanced and a wake of slow-moving air is produced behind the cylinder. Fig. B shows flow separation taking place behind the cylinder The drag force, due to the pressure forces on the cylinder can be derived from: [eq.13] As the term integrates to zero, the drag coefficient can be simplified to: [eq.14] Apparatus The cylinder being experimented on is placed in the wind tunnel. The part that will be under testing will be of size of 1.000m X 0.760m. The wind tunnel will have a contraction ratio of 5.6 To connect the pressure tappings from upstream and downstream of the tunnel contraction to a Betz micro-manometer (mmH2O). The velocity of air in the test section is to be fluctuated by adjusting the fan speeds on a controller. Thirdly a smooth circular cylinder with diameter 114.3 mm to be placed with its axis vertical, on a turntable on the ground of the test section area. It can be seen in the cylinder where halfway along there are pressure tappings at angular intervals of 30à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° on its surface, near to the tappings are marked numbers from 1 to 12, these are connected to the upper ends of 1 to 12 tubes on a manometer. This manometer is to be a multi-tube methylated spirits manometer. The pressure upstream of the cylinder is sensed by a taping on the tunnel wall and is connected to one of the tubes. In this experiment to be tube number 34. The remaining tubes 13 to 33 are open to the atmosphere. The level of turbulence has to be changed, so in this test section it is small however to be increased by the insertion of a grid. This grid as an array of circular rods upstream of the test section. Lastly as the cylinder is to be placed on the turntable that is to be rotated. The angular position of pressure tapping number 1 is indicated on a digital counter in degrees and in tenths of degree. Method: To be able to do this experiment the cylinder to be already oriented so that the pressure from tapping 1 is facing the oncoming flow and the angular position indicator will have to be set at 0à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °. As we know that the pressure P1 tapping is the stagnation pressures and exceeds the pressure Infinity upstream of the cylinder by an amount. The experiment firstly to test laminar flow The laminar flow of the velocity of the wind tunnel will be increased gradually until the Betz manometer reads 15mH2O. For this velocity to remain constant adjustments are made. From the multi-tube manometer, to take readings of fluid heights to show a general idea of the pressure distribution. The fluid height to be noted from the tube which is connected to the tunnel wall upstream of the cylinder. To measure the fluid height in tube 1 is measured then the table is to be turned in intervals of 10 degrees, this is to be repeated for every 10 degrees until it has fully rotated around 360 degrees. The experiment is also to test in a turbulent flow To have a grid with an array of squares inserted in to the wind tunnel, where the air flow and the velocity increases until the Betz manometer reads 35mmH2O, as the air becomes turbulent. This whole procedure to be repeated. Fig. C shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for smooth flow. Fig. D shows the manometer tube readings at a zero angle for turbulent flow. The readings of the multi-tube manometer were taken before starting to rotate the cylinder (at zero angle). This preliminary data collected is presented visually to show the shape of the pressure distribution around the cylinder. Tube 33 is open to air; hence it shows the atmospheric pressure. And tube 34 as mentioned earlier, shows the head pressure of the upstream section of the wind-tunnel. Results Raw Results: The scale of the manometer used was in inch. Therefore, the results obtained have to be changed to metres. This is done as follows: 1 inch = 0.0254 metres The heights of the fluids have to be multiplied by 0.0254 to change to metres. Smooth flow: ÃŽÂ ± = 30 ° h蠁 ¾ = 11 inch = 11 x 0.0254 = 0.2794m Turbulent flow: ÃŽÂ ± = 30 ° h蠁 ¾ = 10.4 inch = 10.4 x 0.0254 = 0.26416m The pressure coefficient, cà †¢, at an angle can be found by using eq 8. The calculations to find cà †¢ will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows. The only difference would be that the value of h蠁 ¾ would be different in each case. The value for h1 is the value obtained when the cylinder is at 0 °. The calculations to find the pressure coefficient for the laminar flow at ÃŽÂ ¦ = 0 ° is shown below: = 1 Calculated Results The following data shows values, which will be used to determine the pressure coefficient, this will be calculated using eq. 11. Smooth flow Transonic Flow Frictionless flow The values for the pressure coefficients will be the same for both laminar and turbulent flows since cà †¢ only depends on the angle ÃŽÂ ¦. The pressure coefficient for a frictionless flow is found using eq. 12. Theoretical graph: The graph represents in a theoretical manner in which the experimental values should be able to compare to, whereby the air flowing in the graph, shows constant change at regular angle intervals. Also all peaks and troughs on the graph show relevant pressure coefficients. The graphs illustrate the pressure coefficient variation with changes in angle. The above graph shows the variation of cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦ in laminar flow. This is then compared to the cÃŽÂ ¦ vs. ÃŽÂ ¦ in turbulent flow. Calculations to find the drag coefficient, CD: The value for the drag coefficient depends on the value of cÃŽÂ ¦ cosÃŽÂ ¦, this relation can also be noticed in eq. 14. Laminar flow Discussion: Throughout this experiment several factors were found out these include: The pressure distribution in the system Drag of the cylinder Drag coefficient Reynolds number Errors in the experiment which may have caused anomalies Looking at the graphs it can be seen that the pressure distribution in the system as in both lamina and turbulent flow also in parts off the graph it shows steady correlation, between angles 900 and 3100 in laminar flow. Angles 1300 and 2300 in turbulent flow. The drag on the cylinder in turbulent and lamina conditions show through the results and graphs shown. As there is more drag when there is turbulent flow than lamina, however this easy to understand as, in lamina flow the eddies produced have a small wake so therefore it does not have a large pressure so do not increase drag. From the graphs it can be seen that the pressure coefficient in lamina flow at 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° is greater than the pressure coefficient at turbulent flow. However in the turbulent flow the motion reduce the pressure and so increases the drag. The drag coefficient can be found by looking at the results and graphs, which both show that it is less in turbulent flow as the separation point occurs after 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° resulting in less eddies so less wake and therefore a high pressure with a end of low drag coefficient. Whereas in lamina flow it is greater than in turbulent. This may be due to the fact that the separation point occurs before 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °, this has a resulting effect of more eddies which induce wakes and low pressure, the end result of this is a high drag coefficient. Separation point is where the angle flows become steady. The separation point occurs when the velocity of the fluid is reducing, in which the pressure flows induce a positive pressure gradient. Then once the separation has passed the boundary layers bend over and flow in the opposite direction. The pressure remains constant after the separation point because eddies are transferred to another energy. The separation point at lamina flow is at 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° than for turbulent which is after 90à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° as the pressure gradient is greater in laminar flow, which means that the greater the pressure gradient the earlier the separation. The reason why Reynolds number is greater in turbulent flow than lamina , as the main reason for this is that less pressure and drag coffeicnet and more drag is acting on to the cylinder. Conclusion: In this experiment a cylinder was used to find laminar and turbulent flow around it, the main objective was to see if the drag and flow increased or decreased, this was achieved and so this was shown that they increased in turbulent conditions and decreased in laminar conditions. Also in a turbulent condition the separation will increase to 90 degrees and the Reynolds number also increases. Discussion Figure G H shows the head pressure distribution around the cylinder. As it can be seen from the laminar head pressure distribution (figure G), the pressure between tubes 3-11 (i.e. angle 90 ° up to 330 °) is approximately the same. This shows that the pressure is more or less the same around the cylinder (seen from top view), except from its front point facing the oncoming flow, where the pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure. In the case of turbulent flow (figure H), the head pressure distribution pattern is somewhat different. The head pressure values drop between tube no. 5 to 9, which is the rear part of the cylinder. This proofs that a low-pressure region exists at the rear of the cylinder in turbulent flow. This region of low-pressure is referring to the wake region. The pressure distribution is also clearly symmetrical about tubes 6 and 7, which proofs that the pressure distribution on one (horizontal) side of the cylinder is the similar to the one on the opposite side of the cylinder. The percentage error for the coefficient of drag (CD) value in experiment 1 was calculated to be around 2.5%. This is a relative small percentage error, which shows that the experimental errors involved in experiment 1 were not significant. However, the percentage error for the CD value in experiment 2 was a massive 56%, which clearly shows that the experimental errors involved in experiment 2 did play a significant role. The error due to parallax is one of those errors. The parallax error is human reading error, where the eye needs to be exactly in line with the reading to be measured. In both experiments, the multi-tube manometer was at an inconvenient position (on the floor). And furthermore the whole manometer system was slanting at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal. Both of these factors made it difficult to get the eye level exactly in line with the reading to be measured from the multi-tube manometer. This might have caused inaccuracy in the readings. The trapezium rule was used to determine the area under the graph of cÃŽÂ ¦cosÃŽÂ ¦, which was used to calculate the coefficient of drag. Since the graph had regions of both negative and positive areas, the trapezium rule had to be applied separately for each section of the graph. The whole graph was divided into strips, each with a width of à ₠¬/18 (10 degrees in radians). When the graph of cÃŽÂ ¦cosÃŽÂ ¦ goes from a positive region into a negative one, the experimental data in some cases does not reach exactly zero before the data switches signs. This results in some minor areas of the graph being neglected. This would not significantly affect the total area found from the trapezium rule, since the areas neglected are relatively small. But since some areas of the graph are ignored, the total area found would not be the exact area under the graph. This will result in an error in the final values of the coefficient drag. The tunnel calibration constant for laminar flow (k1) was found to be 1.0959. Clearly this value cannot be accurate because the ratio of the two pressures must be equal to 1 or below, since both are representing the pressure across the same points. The unexpected high value for k1 must have been a result of experimental error. Since most terms are constant in the equation used to find k, the only factors that could have contributed to the error must have been the values of h蠁 ¾ h1, which were obtained from the multi-tube manometer. While taking the readings from the multi-tube manometer, the fluid (methylated spirit) in the tubes was fluctuating. Some of the fluctuations were as large as +/- 0.5 inch. For this reason, many of the readings obtained might have been greatly inaccurate, which eventually could have lead to a significant error in the final values for the coefficient of drag in both experiments, as well as the value of k for laminar flow. The tunnel calibration constant for turbulent flow (k2) was found to be 0.7632. This value clearly indicates that energy losses did take place since the value is well below 1. Energy losses may have occurred in 2 main forms; as heat and sound energy produced by friction and collisions of air molecules with especially the grid system at the upstream. Heat energy (and some sound energy) is also produced due to friction of the inner wall of the wind tunnel. The flowing air must do work to overcome this friction, and therefore some kinetic energy of the flowing air is lost as heat. To get turbulent flow, the flow rate was increased and a grid system was introduced. With the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2, more collisions of air molecules took place, hence resulting in increased loudness of flow. This increase in loudness (due to the increase in collisions and friction) resulted in some kinetic energy of the flow being converted into heat and more noticeably sound energy, and therefore some of the initial kinetic energy of the flow was lost. Energy in form of heat is also lost due to formation of turbulent eddies. The formation of eddies takes place in turbulent flow. All these energy loss factors mentioned earlier might explain why the k-value for turbulent flow was less than the k-value of laminar flow. In figure I, three graphs were plotted for the variation of pressure coefficient with angle. Each of the graphs was representing data for a unique condition. In the case of the theoretical data graph (green coloured), which represents the condition of frictionless flow, shows that at zero angle the pressure is a maximum (stagnation pressure). Moreover at an angle of 180 ° (rear of cylinder), the pressure once again reaches a maximum value. This relationship clearly indicates that the pressure distribution pattern would have been exactly symmetrical around a vertical axis at the centre of the cylinder. However, in the case of both laminar and turbulent flow the lines if symmetry is not vertical but horizontal about the centre of the cylinder. By looking at the graphs, all graphs show a maximum pressure coefficient at an angle of zero (equivalent to 360 °), which shows that whatever flow condition is imposed a maximum pressure will still remain at the stagnation point, which is the point where the fluid is brought to a stop. For laminar flow, the pressure coefficient remains more or less constant after an angle of approximately 75 °. This point is referred as the angle of separation, where the flow starts to separate from the cylinders surface. This value of 75 ° is very close to the value of 82 ° given for angle of separation for laminar flow in figure E. In the case for turbulent flow, the pressure coefficient stays more or less constant after an angle of approximately 130 ° (i.e. angle of separation). Once again, even this value for angle of separation is very similar to the value of 120 ° given for turbulent flow in figure E. One of the main reasons why there is a difference in shape between the theoretical graph and the experimental graphs for pressure coefficient is due to the fact that the assumption of air being a frictionless flow is invalid, since air is a viscous fluid. Overall the characteristics of the pressure coefficient graphs can be said to be an accurate presentation of actual data, since the three pressure coefficient graphs (between angle 0 to 180 °) are highly identical in terms of both the shape and scale of the pressure coefficient graphs shown in figure E. Conclusion The value of tunnel calibration constant (k) for experiment 1 was found to be inaccurate (due to experimental errors) since the value is not expected to exceed 1. However, the value of k for experiment 1 shows that very negligible energy losses take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel under laminar flow. The value of k was significantly lower for experiment 2; this clearly shows that the energy losses that take place across the contraction of the wind tunnel are significant. The main reason for significant amount of energy losses is due to the introduction of a grid system at the upstream in experiment 2. The grid system dramatically increases the effects of friction to the oncoming flow. For this reason, some of the initial kinetic energy of the airflow is lost as heat and sound energy. The obtained graphs for variation of pressure coefficient with angle around the cylinder perimeter can be said to be fairly accurate, since both the shape and scale of them is extremely identical to the graphs representing the same data in figure D. For experiment 1 the coefficient of drag value had a percentage error of only 2.5%, which shows that the experimental errors did not have a significant impact on the final result. However, in the case of experiment 2, the percentage error for the coefficient of drag was a massive 56%, clearly the experimental error did significantly affect the final result in experiment 2. In future improvements, the percentage error of the CD value in experiment 2 could be further decreased by reducing experimental errors mentioned in the discussion section.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
The Networks Surviving With Survivor Essay -- Television Shows TV Essa
The Networks Surviving With Survivor Reality shows sent a much-needed lifeline to the television networks industry. These shows have found a new way to bring much needed viewers, and even more important they brought in much needed money. The money came rolling into CBS after premiering Survivor, which brought in a profit of around $30,000,000 to the network. Even though Survivor is the must costly reality show, costing close to one million dollars to produce and hour of programming. In comparison to other shows, which cost far more like CBS’s series â€Å"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation†which cost over 1.6 million to produce per hour. With the amount of money coming in such large sums to networks have had to close monitor how much is being spent. Clearly’ the reality shows have brought in much needed assets to the flattering television networks. The failing television networks have found a number of elements in reality shows which can save them money. These elements have combined to improve rating, while also improving the amount of money brought into the networks. The networks have had pressure from stockholders to improve the return on their investments, or possible begin to lose their money. So the networks have discovered ways to save money with reality’ shows one being they haven’t had to pay actors. All the main characters of this shows are contests and only one will be ~paid†at the end. In addition to not paying actors, they have also been able to cut back greatly on the number of writers used to write scripts. The reality shows have been in a way been â€Å"pre-tested†in other nations. The U.S. networks know that the shows can be successful because of the success they have had in Europe. These facts have all come together ... ... stints on the television show. Fox capitalized on this viewer enthusiasm by showing the wedding. The Fox network is not the only group that has used the popular contestants after they’ve been on the show. E! Entertainment Television has had various ex-Survivor cast members host some of their shows. Some have also appeared in commercials. The Rosie O’Donnell Show even went to the extent of purchasing gifts for former members of the Survivor 2 cast (one former contestant, Colby, was given a Harley Davidson motorcycle!). The most outrageous occurrence seemed to take place when former Survivor 2 contestant Jerri, posed for Playboy Magazine. It is clear that in the world of reality television, personality and popularity are everything. Popularity on reality TV shows can translate into commercial viability and an unreal life beyond reality television.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Methods of Communication Essay
Nonverbal Communication Methods Nonverbal communication consists of sharing a message in any form that does not involve words. It is present in our everyday life, and any intake of information, whether it be through sight, sound, touch, smell or taste, is considered a valid form of communication. Learning about nonverbal communication can prove to be beneficial in all aspects of your life, including relationships and public speaking as well as psychological and emotional health. Paralanguage Even when we speak, there are some elements of nonverbal communication present called paralanguage. According to Bently University, paralanguage refers to the vocal aspects of communication, such as speaking style, intonation and voice. A clear example is how something you say can change how others perceive it if you change your intonation without changing your words. Haptic Communication Haptic communication refers to the relay of information through touch, according to Saint Mary’s College Notre Dame. By using haptic communication, you can comfort a friend with a hug and a pat on the back, or hurt an enemy by physically harming him. Haptic communication tends to be more common in children before they learn to speak. It also plays a big role in sexuality and intimacy and when given without permission can be considered a form of harassment. It is recommended that you always have consent from the receiver when communication through touch. Body Language Body language is an intricate form of nonverbal communication that happens on a daily basis and can sometimes relay more than words can. The University of Northern Iowa defines body language as having an impact on what is being portrayed not only from the type of movements but also the proximity of those movements to the receiver. For example, leaning forward in a moderate form can communicate friendly feelings, while doing so in an exaggerated form communicates hostile feelings. Body language can show your self-confidence and state of mind and is visible not only by those with whom you interact but also by onlookers around you. Communication Through Art, Music and Dance Communicating in a nonverbal way through art, music and dance is a personal form of expression that can greatly influence others’ emotions, ideas and moods. This type of communication can sometimes generate movement around it if others feel empathetic to what is being communicated. It can also invite them to join in, such as dancing in a gathering or playing instruments with friends.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Expansion of knowledge in the modern era - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4939 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Owing to the rapid changes and explosion of knowledge we have to combat with the modern era. Research is the basic requirement of this and for the forthcoming challenges of the commercial and materialistic world. So understanding phenomena and making my mind practically explore. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Expansion of knowledge in the modern era" essay for you Create order I joined FBL Arifwala and collected some data of the bank and compiled this report in such away that a salient feature to be highlighted for the researcher and concerning people of the bank. The division of this report consists of various chapters as in Introduction of Banking system, History of FBL, Marketing Operations. I discussed about the procedure of getting different type of loans and advances, then I discussed different departments and its function. I discussed the SWOT analysis of FBL. I gave different type of conclusion and recommend to different problems. History of FBL Faysal Bank started operations in Pakistan in 1987, first as a branch set-up of Faysal Islamic Bank of Bahrain and then in 1995 as a locally incorporated Pakistani bank under the present name of Faysal Bank. On January 1, 2002, Al Faysal Investment Bank Limited, another group entity in Pakistan, merged into Faysal Bank Limited which resulted in a larger, stronger and much more versatile institution. Faysal Bank Limited is a full service banking institution offering banking facilities to its individual and corporate customers. Our widespread and growing network of branches in the four provinces of the country and Azad Kashmir, together with corporate offices in major cities, provides efficient services in an effective manner. Faysal Bank also operates standalone Islamic banking branches under Barkat Islamic Banking brand. Faysal Bank is a progressive financial institution, forever striving to offer innovative products and quality services in easily accessible ways for greater customer convenience. We offer value added deposit products and customized consumer financing solutions. We also offer a host of corporate, commercial and investment banking services which include funding and trade finance facilities and corporate advisory services, along with a wide array of tools to help customers achieve their business goals. The strength and stability of Faysal Bank Limited is evident through the Credit Rating of AA (Double A) for long to medium term and A-1+ (A One Plus) for short term assigned to it by both JCR-VIS Credit Rating Company Limited and Pakistan Credit Rating Agency Limited (PACRA). The majority share holding of Faysal Bank is held by Ithmaar Bank B.S.C, an investment bank listed in Bahrain with the balance shares in the hands of general public, NIT and other Pakistani institutions. introduction of fbl arifwala FBL inaugurated is new branch at Thana Bazar Arifwala in December, 2008. On the very first day Bank gained deposit from different customers almost four lacks. The major competitors of FBL are Habib Bank, Bank Alfalah, The Bank of Punjab and The National Bank earned the huge profits. Therefore, to gain the business FBL launched its Arifwala Branch with bright and clear vision of customer service. In short period of time branch achieved tremendous deposits. Volumes and prove his reorganization in banking industry of Arifwala. Introduction of FBL Vision Statement Excellence in all that we do. Mission Statement Achieve leadership in providing financial services in chosen markets through innovation. Core Values Our daily code of conduct. structure of fbl Organizational Structure (Organizational Chart) 3. business operation 3.1 branch structure 3.2 SWOT ANALYSIS Strength FBL developing delivering the most innovative products. The customers are satisfied with the bank services. Branch Manager and Area Manager having good coordination with staff and make environment friendly. Customer gives suggestion for the improvement of bank. Bank is having the security system like /CCC. Employees should be provided sufficient salary so that he may work whole heartedly and devotedly Bank provides entertainment facilities to every customer. Backed by strong Ithmarr Bank B.S.C an Investment Bank. FBL is pursuing the path of excellence keeping in view the satisfaction lf its Customers. His priority is the best service to his customers. FBL provides the fiancà ©s assistance to every individual for car, home fiancà ©, and agriculture which facilitate bank to get market excellence and move towards prosperity and development. Weaknesses The bank is not educating about his products and services. The bank generally gives importance t o rich and educated people while ignoring the uneducated people. The bank should help his customer how to fill forms slips and cheque. The rural customer feel hesitant to enter in executive environment and have problem with language, (Language barrier / Urdu, English conversation. Less volume as compare to big cities. Mismanagement of time is another big mistake FBL branches. The bank is not quick in a Service to the Customers in depositing and withdrawing. OPPORTUNITIES: The new government strives to uplift the economy and do reforms in financial sector it will yield positive result in the banking industry of the country. Steps are taken by the Government regarding the betterment of the economy, small borrowers are attracted to get the financing and start small businesses. FBL faces hard Competition so he should take aggressive steps to increase its business. Introduces credit card facility. Establishing foreign branches FBL introduced number of financial schemes including Faysal Moavin, Faysal Izafa, Faysal Izafa plus, Term deposits etc. During few years FBL deposits have been increasing .this is very healthy sign. Threats        The Competition has become severe by the entrants of so many banks in the town. Excellent arrangements and good services are to be provided to satisfy its shareholders otherwise they will lose their confidence. The current economic situation of the country affecting the business activity. The economic conditions of the country are deteorating day by day and it doesnt make healthy effect on the banking system.  3.3 MARKETING STRATEGY Marketing policies are also one of the most important policies because they are related to the growth of the organization. Marketing for a bank would mean: Creation of new product and services. The bank marketing must be consumer oriented. To provide the maximum awareness of IT (ATM use) to customer. Provide better services to customer satisfaction. Avoid racism among customers. Customize products according to customer need. Provide good environment to customers so that they can easy feel FBL Arifwala branch offers a special rate to customer Advertisement policies of this branch are very attractiveness for customer These policies can be implemented by providing the facilities and services to the customer at the right place, at the right time, at the right price. It is necessary for the managers to keep in touch with consumers, observe their needs and develop products, which meets their needs. PROMOTIONAL POLICIES: Public relation and advertising has assumed a great significance in the modern banking business. The main objectives of the bank are to inform and motivate the existing clients as well as new ones. FBL establishes its purpose through The existing account holder. Actuate its own employees. Integration with business organizations. Community relations. 3.4 COMPETITIVE Edge: Same is the case with the services offered by Bank. Services are the main tool through which the bank acquires new customers and retain them. These services are not merely to earn profit, but to keep pace with the changing needs of the customers and modern days banking trends. These services include Home Remittances, Hajj Services, Utility Bills, Lockers and Commodity Operations. Along with these core services provided by the bank, online banking and Internet banking serve as supplementary services. Call Center: Centralized (24x 7) call center facilitate the customer all around the country. 24/7 call center 0800-111-325 Free service No charge for customers maintaining monthly average balance of Rs 500,000/- for Faysal Sahulat current accounts on the following services: Issuance of Pay Orders 120 per year. 1 small locker per customer (subject to the availability) Duplicate statement of account. Annual fee of pocket mate visa debit card. Issuance of check cheque book 100 leaves per year. Online Facility: Now the bank gives you the absolute convenience of instant access to a host of banking facilities and personalized services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Online Features: In online banking Faysal Sahulat is the supreme. The account is specially designed to address the needs of those individual (joint, salaried, retired) and business customers who seek instant access to their funds at any FBL Branch across Pakistan. Balances can be checked from any Branch. Facility is available for the transfer of funds. Know the history of your account. Take the statement of your account through fax. Get information about currency exchange rates. Find out status of your card or loan application Instructions to stop payment are also available. Incase cheque book is lost, it can be reported. Facility to change address and telephone number is available. Internet Banking: Internet Banking offers the customers convenience to manage and control his banking and finances when she/he wants, where she/he wants! Its Simple, Convenient, Secure and Faster. So, just by clicking one can enjoy this facility. ATM card facility is also available. Convenience: Why visit the bank when you can better use your precious time to meet other commitments? With ONLINE, our special discounted charges also offer you substantial savings. 3.5 Business process analysis PRODUCT AND SERVICE: FBL is a progressive bank striving to offer innovative products, easy accessibility, quality service convenience to our customers. We offer customized financing solutions with flexible criteria and convenient loan tenures. You can avail car, home and personal loans through our various branches. We also offer a host of Corporate Investment Banking Services to our clients, which include financial and corporate advisory services, along with a wide array of tools to help them achieve their goals. Deposit Accounts Consumer Loans Faysal Savings Account Car Finance Rozana Munafa plus Account House Finance Basic Banking Account Faysal Moavin Faysal Premium Faysal Izafa Mahfooz Sarmaya FCY Saving Plus Corporate Investment Banking Services Corporate Financing Pocket Mate Visa Debit Card SME Finance Trade Financing Transfer of Funds Treasury Capital Markets Safe Deposit Lockers Investment Banking Non-stop Banking Agricultural Financing Cash Management Account Opening Activity: Required docoument: NIC copy of customer Introducer ID Copy. Business Card/ Salary slip. Customer: The person who actually open the account or getting services. Introducer: Introducer is a person having the account in same branch and gives guarantee about the customer. If the introducer is not proper than state bank charges RS 5000/- per head from that employee of the bank who has opened the account of the customer on the request of the introducer. Procedure of Account Opening: First of all, the customer is required to fill an application form. Then he attaches the photocopy of his identity card and fills the signatory cards. Now he fills the pay-in slip and deposits money on the counter. Bank allotted an account number within one day after confirming from the head office which is at Mall road Lahore. Now he fills the pay-in slip and deposits money on the counter. Account holder Documents: Applicant Form. Signature card Next of kin Account Opening Form: Account opening form consist of Category of account Currency Title of account Account number Customer information Initial deposit Authorized person in case of customer death Specimen Signature Card: Specimen signature card is kept to check the correctness of signature. (According to NIC) Next of Kin: In the next of kin the customer authorized the bank to pay the proceedings of her/his PLS/Current foreign currency account to the related person by describing the relationship of the person with the customer after the death of the customer. Letter of Thanks: After opening an account the bank will issue the letter of thanks to the customer. Issuance of Cheque Book: Cheque book is issued to the customer after sending the letter of thanks when the customer comes with the latter of thanks and requests for the issuance of the cheque book. A cheque book (usually having 25 leaves) is issued to the customer. Closing of Account: The customer can close the account. The customer is required to submit an application for closing the account. The account is closed out and his balance is paid to him after deducting the closing charges. There are many reasons for closing of account Account holder Owen request Death of account holder Closing of account due to the bad manners of account holder Required Procedure for Opening an Account: First of all, the customer gets an application from the bank, which requires all information necessary for opening account and also the documents required. An account can be opened as: An individual account Joint account Proprietorship account Limited company account Partnership Information Required by the Bank: Name Address Telephone No. Currency of Account Nature of Business Country of Residency Special instructions regarding the account Signatures Documentation In case of limited company accounts: Photocopy of National Identity Card of each director Application form Copy of companys memorandum and articles of association List of directors Copy of board resolution Certificate of incorporation Their signature cards Certificate to commence business Documentation In case of Partnership Account: Application form A copy of partnership deed Signature cards of partners Registration certificate copy A copy of National Identity Card of each partner REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY The need of remittance is commonly felt in todays business. A major function of any bank is to transfer of funds from one place to another. FBL uses the following modes of transfer of funds. a)        Demand draft (DD) b)        Pay order (PO) c)       Call deposit d)        Pay slip Demand Draft It is instrument, which is used to transfer amount from one city to another city it can be made on cash as well as on cheque. If it is made through cheque that it is necessary that person must be A/c account holder while in case of cash any person can make. The demand draft is secured mode of payment. It consists of three copies. 1)       Original copy, which is given to account holder. 2)       DD advice is sent to the central branch. 3)       Third copy is for reconciliation. Its photocopy is kept with us (bank) While original is sent to head office for reconciliation. Procedure The client who wants to transfer his fund from one place to another he is required to fill the banks slip (DD). Beneficiary name Applicants name Address Amount to be sent etc. Bank deducts some charges against DD. CASH DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY Cash department of FBL works under the operation department. This department is given the complete responsibility of cash, as result of transaction in touch local and foreign currencies. It is also responsible for the book keeping of these transactions and the safe custody of cash. This department performs the main function. a)        Cash receipts b)       Cash payments Cash Receipts The customer deposit the amount with deposit slip to cash counter. The officer check the amount according to slip and confirm with computerized receipt to the customer. CASH PAYMENTS OF CHEQUE Mr. Tariq deals with cash payments the process for payment of cheque local and foreign currency is same. First the cheque is presented by the customer or holder to cash payment officer. He confirms that it is drawn on the same branch and the particulars of cheque are properly filled in. Two signature of the holder is taken on the back of the cheque. Cheque is handed over to the officer cash department for scrutiny where officer checks the date, amount in wor ds and amount in figures, payees name, crossing if any, account number, cheque serial number, any material alterations / endorsements and signature of the customer. Account is debited and then the officer cancels cheque. It is posted in the system and posting stamp and number is affixed on it. Cheque is handed over to the cash payment officer for payment. One more signature on that back of the cheque is taken from the holder to match with the first one, and then cash is paid to the cash detail is written on the Back of the cheque. Cash paid stamp is affixed on the face of the cheque. Entry is passed in the cash payment register and system. Consumer Loans ACTIVITY Faysal Car Finance: Plan your finances in a way that is straightforward, affordable and easy to attain, now its easy to be in the driver seat! Faysal Car Finance is available for Locally manufactured vehicles Tenure up to 5 years Variable rate lease (12 month KIBOR + 5% annually) Minimum customer equity 20% Eligibility Criteria Applicant should be between 21 years to 60 years of age. With 3 years of employment or established business. Documents Required For Salaried Individual/Professional Individuals Attested copy of CNIC (please bring original CNIC for verification) 2 recent passport sized photographs. Proof of income (Salary Slip/ Salary Certificate) Proof of profession/business. Bank statement for past 12 months. Copy of latest Utility Bill / Bills of Cell phone / Credit Card Bills. NTN Certificate. Copy of valid driving License. Duly filled application form. Faysal Home Finance Live a happy and carefree life, away from financial worries, in a way that is straightforward, affordable and easy to attain. Faysal Home Finance is available for Buying a new home Building a new home Renovation of existing home For Buying a Home Maximum financing amount available is 70% of the market value of property Repayment period is between 3 years to 20 years. For Building a Home Maximum financing amount available is 70% of value of land plus construction. Repayment period is between 1 year to 20 years. Repayment is monthly installments. For Renovating Home Maximum financing amount available is 50% of the market value of property or Rs. 20 million, whichever is lower. Repayment period is between 3 years to 20 years. Repayment In monthly installments. Eligibility Criteria Applicant to be between 21 years to 60 years of age, Resident of Pakistan or a non resident Pakistani. With 2 years of employment of which at least 1 year at present place of employment or 3 years established business. Applicant is tax payer and holds a valid NTN. Document Required Attested copy of CNIC (please bring original CNIC for verification) 2 recent passport sized photographs. Tex returns for past 3 years. Bank statement for past 12 months. Copy of latest Utility Bill / Bills of Cell phone / Credit Card Bills. NTN Certificate. Faysal Personal Finance Get rid of your financial anxieties. Live comfortably in a straight forward, affordable and easy to attain way. Faysal personal finance for is available for Up to an amount of Rs. 5,00000/- Equal monthly installment. Repayable over three months. Eligibility criteria Applicant to be between 21 years to 60 years of age. Minimum net income 30,000/- per month. Applicant is tax payer and holds a valid NTN. Corporate and Investment ACTIVITY Corporate Financing: FBL Limited is fully geared to meet the changing economic challenges present in Pakistan. We are ever striving to build meaningful relationships with our customers and become partners in their growth and progress by acting as financial advisors and consultants as well as financiers. Our Corporate Finance Group extends both short and long term financing facilities designed to fulfill the individual need of each corporate customer. Small and Medium Enterprise Financing: Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) unit of the Bank is geared towards catering to the banking requirements of small to medium businesses in a timely and therefore cost effective manner. All the branches of FBL are equipped to speedily attend incoming financing requests from SMEs. We help our customers grow from strength to strength by acting as their bankers and financial advisors. Trade Financing: FBL has established a strong presence globally in Trade Financing through its network, affiliates and correspondents. The Bank has conveniently maintained relationships with major banks in the international financial market and continues to develop new ones wherever needed. Our Trade Finance services include a full range of import, export and guarantee products, thus offering tailor-made solution to fit the individual need of each customer. Treasury and Capital Markets: FBL Treasury is one of the leading market makers in quoting competitive prices in all major currencies and provides dynamic corporate and institutional Marketing teams with up-to-date market information. Our cutting edge is the in-time advice and execution of deals for our customers. FBL treasury team strives to satisfy the customers financial needs in a timely and a flawless manner. FBL has earned immaculate reputation in the field of Capital Markets, which is quite evident from our track record and market share in this area. Investment Banking: With the ever-changing business environment in Pakistan, companies need expert partners with a keen understanding of business to help achieve profit objectives. At FBL, we offer the leaders of businesses and institutions, corporate advisory services and a wide array of tools to help them accomplish their goals. We advise and facilitate the arrangement of commercial paper, syndications, mergers, acquisitions and underwriting arrangements amongst many others. Whether the customers require financing of a project or managing of investments, we can guide them through the markets and tailor a solution to meet their specific needs. Agricultural Financing: FBL offers specialized products for the agricultural sector. The branches located in agricultural areas of Pakistan are all equipped to help the local farmers improve their yield and methods of farming by offering timely and affordable modes of financing to suit their needs. To increase its outreach into agricultural regions of Pakistan, FBL has entered into strategic alliances with other specialized banks through which it will be financing the needs of farmers. 3.6 Analysis: After working in that environment of FAYSAL Bank of Arifwala I found following point in analyzing Business Process of the Organization. Well-Defined Tasks and Duties: The tasks and duties are defined in such a way that it becomes very easier for the employees to perform their assigned tasks. Due to the implementation of modern techniques the efficiency and accuracy of the work force has been greatly increased. Proper Supervision: There is a proper supervision system to check and evaluate the performance of each employee. It is the duty of Operations Manager to make sure that every employee is giving the desired performance. Caring Environment for the customer: The environment of the bank is caring for the customers and every customer is dealt with proper care and attention. All the employees have very professional attitude and know the worth of the customer for the business. Cooperative and Supportive Staff: The behavior of the staff with the customers is very cooperative and every employee is ready to facilitate the customer on his best in order to increase the customers satisfaction level. Lack of customer relationship desk: It was observed that there was no customer relationship officer is the branch to guide the customer to solve their problems and to tell them that what should they do and where should they go for the solution of their problems. As a result the customers keep on disturbing all the employees in order to get their problem solved. Difficulty in Handling of Illiterate Customers: As the branch is located in such an area where main business is of spare parts and steel manufacturing, the majority of the customers is illiterate. Thus it is not very easy for the Employees to handle these customers. Increashed Workload: Due to the new regulations of the state bank to deduct 0.3% tax on every check amounting to more than 25000, the customers started issuing too many check to avoid this tax. As a result the overall work load on employees has been significantly increased. Employees Motivation: It was observed that at present motivation level of the employees is not very much high because of the currently announced salary increments, which is not up to the employees expectation level and because of some other reasons such as, increased workload etc. 4. LEARNING as a Student Intern 4.1 Duties Among different departments are the following. Fund Mobilization Department Remittance Department. Accounts Department Sorting of cheques and vouchers. Cutting of day end reports arranged and also put these into files. Punching of documents to put these into files. Copies at photocopy machine. Making of different expense vouchers for Branch. Making letter for sending to customer in case of dormant account. Stamps on completed vouchers for keeping of record. Making entry of completed vouchers into voucher register as well as into computer. FUND MOBILIZATION DEPARTMENT Procedure of customers Account Opening. Letter of thanks for sending to the customer against opening of Account. Entry of these letters into register before posting to customers. Pasting of Account opening documents into separate register after completion of Account opening procedure. REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT Stamps at the back of cheques for Token no. and detail of notes. Entries of these cheques into payment register of cashier as well as into token register. Filling up of cheques and slips in case of payments and receipts of cash. 4.2 ACCOMPLISHMENTS By performing above activities every one is able to perform all the activities of account department as well as fund mobilization department. 4.3 New knowledge Acquired The thing are learnt, Manage time for reach to the office as well as to finish my official work. Deal with customer according to their personality. Open an account with different procedure in case of different situation. Punch documents for putting these into files Copy at photocopy machine. Analyze different day end reports. Fill a different voucher which is use as daily routine I learn how analyze statement of affair I get a knowledge about procedure of issue of loan Know about agri finance department and about of activity Learn how mange finance and budget I learn the techniques, customers relation and negotiation skills. Problems Encountered During the internship, I had a little bit problems. Because the branch was newly established. I have problem to analyze the income statement but the senior officer helps me. Getting customer views regarding FBL _ Problematic, because customers are dissatisfied. Branch located is faraway from the business market ( Grain, Fruit, Vegetable) so the clients are reluctant to deposit huge amount of money. Bank has shown remarkable growth during the last years and earned profits. But in banking environment where other commercial banks are developing their system and providing more attractive packages to the clients. Agri finance dept offers loans to farmers more then 10 acres of land. FBL setup is new, working is fully computerized but there is no appropriate support i.e. shortage of IT equipment. Moreover ATM facility is not available for accountholders. 4.5 How Internship will Impact My Carrieer This internship at Faysal Bank will prove very important for me during my professional career. Because it was my first learning experience of working in a organization. It will be very helpful for me to show discipline, hard working and how work is done in any organization. No doubt it will prove a bright sign in my future. The following experience has gain during working with operational management. Control of Expenditure The studied that there should be a control on expenditure, which will help in increasing profitability of organization. In practical the things observed that branches reduce their expenditures and cost of services. Finalization of accounts The studied that organizations prepare their profits and loss accounts, balance sheet, cash flow statement and also monthly and annual reports. Practically analyzed that these statements along with customer accounts (transactions) are compiled on the daily basis due to efficient computer software Bank Smart. Information Management The studied that finance department is a decision tools to management, in practice it is analyzed that accounts department, prepared daily reconciliation regarding deposits, reports for management. Decision making 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS After spending six weeks at different departments of the bank, interacting with the employees, getting their views, observing the organizational structure and design, the following suggestions that can improve a few weaknesses observed in the bank. Flexible Policies The bank should be adopting flexible policies, especially in the areas of the recruitment, promotions, evaluation of the employees otherwise the high turnover observed in the bank will continue to create problems for the bank now and in the future. Job security Present, employees are not satisfied with the job. Lake of training and seniors Pressure provide dissatisfaction to the employees. Permanent Hiring The fresh hiring should be made permanent so that they are secured of their future. Further the allowances and perquisites attached with the permanent jobs will also increase the motivation level of the employees. Job Training Programs The bank should place emphasis on the organization of effective training and development programs for its new as well as existing employees so that these are gradually updated regarding the recent developments in the field of banking. Perquisites and Allowances The number of allowances and perquisites for the employees should be increased to ensure that they put their body and soul in the jobs assigned to them. Revival of the Charges The rates for the various charges provided by the bank should be brought down a bit, as it would result in increase in the number of customers of the bank. Adoption of Effective technology The current unibank system used by the bank is very slow in processing so my view is that the bank should try to adopt some other but more effective form of technology in order to provide comfort to the customers as well as the staff. Decentralization The higher authorities should form team-based management rather than centralized management. It would result in improvement in uplifting the morale of the employees. They will be more motivated and involved in all their operations resulting in overall effectiveness of the organization. Glossary BM Branch Manager OM Operation Manager CSO Customer Service Officer CRM Customer Relationship Manager CRO Customer Relationship Officer AOF Account Opening Form PKR Pakistani Currency A/C Account ATM Automatic Teller Machine PIN Personal Identification Number CNIC Computerized National Identity Card Number NTN National Tax Number OBC Outward Billing Collection CBR Cheque Book Request DD Demand Draft KYC Know Your Customer
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